Perhaps one sign of the
impact of the changes is the loudness of the backlash by conservatives
against Saturday's driving campaign.
Around
150 clerics rallied outside one of the king's palaces this week, some
accusing Abdullah's top ally the United States of being behind calls to
let women drive. A prominent cleric caused a stir when he said last
month that medical studies show that driving a car harms a woman's
ovaries. Those opposed to the campaign have also used social media to
attack women activists or have urged people to harass female drivers.
The
government has given mixed signals about how it will deal with the
campaign, illustrated by a statement put out this week by the Interior
Ministry, which is in charge of police.
The
ministry warned against marches or gatherings under the pretext of the
driving campaign. It said violators "disturbing public peace" will be
dealt with firmly.
But activists have
interpreted the statement to mean that police will crackdown on men who
try and attack or harass women drivers, said Hatoon al-Fassi, a Women's
History professor at King Saud University in Riyadh. She pointed out
that women have made clear they aren't holding gatherings Saturday;
women will simply drive in a show of defiance of the ban, perhaps on the
pretext of running errands.
"We are feeling a
more positive environment. There is a general atmosphere of
acceptance," al-Fassi said.
"The public is positive and the reactions
on social media are beautiful."
Still, the
statement's language also caters to conservatives because it harkens
back to charges of "violating public order" that were levied against a
female driver arrested in 2011.
In a sign
authorities do not want the driving campaign to grow too bold, police
have privately told the campaigners not to speak to the media, according
to one activist who wished to remain anonymous for fear of retribution.
The
driving ban - imposed because clerics warn that "licentiousness" will
spread if women drive - is unique in the world and is the most
symbolically weighty of the restrictions on women in Saudi Arabia. But
it's hardly the only one.
Genders are strictly
segregated, and women are required to wear a headscarf and loose, black
robes in public. Guardianship laws require women to get permission from
a male relative - usually husband or father, but lacking those, a
brother or son - to travel, get married, enroll in higher education or
undergo certain surgical procedures.
The first
major driving protest came in 1995 and was met by a heavy response.
Some 50 women who drove their cars were jailed for a day, had their
passports confiscated and lost their jobs.
In
June 2011, about 40 women got behind the wheel and drove in several
cities in a protest sparked when a woman was arrested after posting a
video of herself driving. Individual women continued to flout the ban,
and one woman was arrested and sentenced to 10 lashes. The king
overturned the sentence.
For Saturday,
campaigners hope to bring out bigger numbers. They claim to have 16,000
signatures on a petition of support, a quarter more than in 2011. This
time, they say they understand the laws better and have the full support
of male relatives, and they argue public attitudes are changing.
They
have posted online videos of themselves driving in recent weeks, with
some showing passing male drivers giving them a thumbs-up in support.
State newspapers have published articles and opinion pieces almost daily
on the debate, something impossible only a few years ago.
Al-Fassi,
who also writes for the state-run daily Al-Riyadh, said that two years
ago she was barred from publishing an article that mentioned women's
driving and had to change the wording.
"This time I wrote a long article and not a single word was changed. It is unprecedented," she said.
A string of "firsts" since the 2011 driving campaign have cracked open the door.
Women
were granted the right to vote and run in the 2015 municipal elections.
Thirty women were given seats on the Shura Council, an advisory body to
the king and government. The largest university in the world for girls
opened just a few years after the opening of the kingdom's first major
mixed-gender university.
Two Saudi female
athletes, including a judo player, competed in last year's Olympics.
Four women were granted licenses to work as lawyers. A law criminalizing
domestic abuse was introduced, with a state-backed ad campaign against
abuse of women.
Still, even the changes have their limits.
While
it is a crime to abuse a woman, it is not clear which agency
investigates allegations and it is difficult to file a police report
without a male guardian - who could be the abuser. The new women lawyers
will likely face male judges who oppose their presence in the
courtroom. Despite the participation in the Olympics, there is no
phys-ed for girls in public schools, and sports centers are almost
entirely for men.
The municipal seats that
women can now run and vote for are largely toothless. The Shura Council,
still male-dominated, has so far ignored a request by three female
members to discuss the issue of letting women drive. And the
guardianship system is still firmly in place, a fact Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch strongly condemned this week.
Complicating
matters is the vague nature of Saudi law. For example, no law directly
bans women from driving. However Wahhabi clerics have issued edicts
against it, which police enforce. They are backed up by the courts,
where the judges are largely clerics.
"Clearly
still the legal system is on the side of the men," said Karen Elliott
House, author of "On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault
Lines."
This year, a court sentenced rights
activist Wajeha Al-Huwaidar and another Saudi woman to 10 months in
prison and slapped them with a 2-year travel ban because they helped a
Canadian mother whose Saudi husband was allegedly abusive. The court
charged the women with "supporting a wife without her husband's
knowledge, undermining the marriage," according to Equality Now, a group
advocating women's rights.
Samia El-Moslimany
helped found a support network called the Waneesa Sisterhood to help
women with abusive or neglectful husbands. But she says there is little
her group can do with the justice system without public pressure, but
the culture largely still looks down on women who go public with their
cases.
"It is the stumbling block to everything, this whole warped honor-thing that society has," she said.