AP Investigation: Olympic teams to swim, boat in Rio's filth
|
In
this July 14, 2015 photo, beachgoers wade into the waters of Copacabana
Beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Associated Press analysis of water
quality found not one water venue safe for swimming or boating in Rio's
waters. Over 10,000 athletes from 205 countries are expected to compete
in next year's Summer Olympics. Hundreds of them will be sailing in the
waters near Marina da Gloria in Guanabara Bay; swimming off Copacabana
Beach; and canoeing and rowing on the brackish waters of the Rodrigo de
Freitas Lake. |
RIO DE JANEIRO
(AP) -- Athletes in next year's Summer Olympics here will be swimming
and boating in waters so contaminated with human feces that they risk
becoming violently ill and unable to compete in the games, an Associated
Press investigation has found.
An AP analysis
of water quality revealed dangerously high levels of viruses and
bacteria from human sewage in Olympic and Paralympic venues - results
that alarmed international experts and dismayed competitors training in
Rio, some of whom have already fallen ill with fevers, vomiting and
diarrhea.
It is the first independent comprehensive testing for both viruses and bacteria at the Olympic sites.
Brazilian
officials have assured that the water will be safe for the Olympic
athletes and the medical director of the International Olympic Committee
said all was on track for providing safe competing venues. But neither
the government nor the IOC tests for viruses, relying on bacteria
testing only.
Extreme water pollution is
common in Brazil, where the majority of sewage is not treated. Raw waste
runs through open-air ditches to streams and rivers that feed the
Olympic water sites.
As a result, Olympic
athletes are almost certain to come into contact with disease-causing
viruses that in some tests measured up to 1.7 million times the level of
what would be considered hazardous on a Southern California beach.
Despite
decades of official pledges to clean up the mess, the stench of raw
sewage still greets travelers touching down at Rio's international
airport. Prime beaches are deserted because the surf is thick with
putrid sludge, and periodic die-offs leave the Olympic lake, Rodrigo de
Freitas, littered with rotting fish.
"What you
have there is basically raw sewage," said John Griffith, a marine
biologist at the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project.
Griffith examined the protocols, methodology and results of the AP
tests.
"It's all the water from the toilets
and the showers and whatever people put down their sinks, all mixed up,
and it's going out into the beach waters. Those kinds of things would be
shut down immediately if found here," he said, referring to the U.S.
Vera
Oliveira, head of water monitoring for Rio's municipal environmental
secretariat, said officials are not testing viral levels at the Olympic
lake, the water quality of which is the city's responsibility.
The other Olympic water venues are under the control of Rio state's environmental agency.
Leonardo
Daemon, coordinator of water quality monitoring for the state's
environmental agency, said officials are strictly following Brazilian
regulations on water quality, which are all based on bacteria levels, as
are those of almost all nations.
"What would
be the standard that should be followed for the quantity of virus?
Because the presence or absence of virus in the water ... needs to have a
standard, a limit," he said. "You don't have a standard for the
quantity of virus in relation to human health when it comes to contact
with water."
Olympic hopefuls will be diving
into Copacabana's surf this Sunday during a triathlon Olympic qualifier
event, while rowers take to the lake's water beginning Wednesday for the
2015 World Rowing Junior Championships. Test events for sailing and
marathon swimming take place later in August.
More
than 10,000 athletes from 205 nations are expected to compete in next
year's Olympics. Nearly 1,400 of them will be sailing in the waters near
Marina da Gloria in Guanabara Bay, swimming off Copacabana beach, and
canoeing and rowing on the brackish waters of the Rodrigo de Freitas
Lake.
The AP commissioned four rounds of
testing in each of those three Olympic water venues, and also in the
surf off Ipanema Beach, which is popular with tourists but where no
events will be held. Thirty-seven samples were checked for three types
of human adenovirus, as well as rotavirus, enterovirus and fecal
coliforms.
The AP viral testing, which will
continue in the coming year, found not one water venue safe for swimming
or boating, according to global water experts.
Instead,
the test results found high counts of active and infectious human
adenoviruses, which multiply in the intestinal and respiratory tracts of
people. These are viruses that are known to cause respiratory and
digestive illnesses, including explosive diarrhea and vomiting, but can
also lead to more serious heart, brain and other diseases.
The
concentrations of the viruses in all tests were roughly equivalent to
that seen in raw sewage - even at one of the least-polluted areas
tested, the Copacabana Beach, where marathon and triathlon swimming will
take place and where many of the expected 350,000 foreign tourists may
take a dip.
"Everybody runs the risk of
infection in these polluted waters," said Dr. Carlos Terra, a
hepatologist and head of a Rio-based association of doctors specializing
in the research and treatment of liver diseases.
Kristina
Mena, a U.S. expert in risk assessment for waterborne viruses, examined
the AP data and estimated that international athletes at all water
venues would have a 99 percent chance of infection if they ingested just
three teaspoons of water - though whether a person will fall ill
depends on immunity and other factors.
Besides
swimmers, athletes in sailing, canoeing and to a lesser degree rowing
often get drenched when competing, and breathe in mist as well. Viruses
can enter the body through the mouth, eyes, any orifice, or even a small
cut.
The Rodrigo de Freitas Lake, which was
largely cleaned up in recent years, was thought be safe for rowers and
canoers. Yet AP tests found its waters to be among the most polluted for
Olympic sites, with results ranging from 14 million adenoviruses per
liter on the low end to 1.7 billion per liter at the high end.
By
comparison, water quality experts who monitor beaches in Southern
California become alarmed if they see viral counts reaching 1,000 per
liter.
"If I were going to be in the
Olympics," said Griffith, the California water expert, "I would probably
go early and get exposed and build up my immunity system to these
viruses before I had to compete, because I don't see how they're going
to solve this sewage problem."
However, Dr.
Richard Budgett, the medical director for the International Olympic
Committee, said after seeing the AP findings that the IOC and Brazilian
authorities should stick to their program of testing only for bacteria
to determine whether the water is safe for athletes.
"We've
had reassurances from the World Health Organization and others that
there is no significant risk to athlete health," he told the AP on the
sidelines of an IOC meeting in Malaysia.
He
went on to say that "there will be people pushing for all sorts of other
tests, but we follow the expert advice and official advice on how to
monitor water effectively."
Many water and
health experts in the U.S. and Europe are pushing regulatory agencies to
include viral testing in determining water quality because the majority
of illnesses from recreational water activities are related to viruses,
not bacteria.